GNM Previous Year Question Paper of Bio Science (Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology) Short Question and Answer for GNM 1st Year

October 4, 2025July 22, 2024 by Subhajit Chanda

GNM 1st Year Bio-Science Short Questions

Bio Science (Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology) Previous Year Short Question with Answer

GNM Previous Year Question Paper of Bio Science (Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology) Short Question and Answer for GNM 1st Year

Fill in the blanks:

1. Life span of RBC is ____________days.
➥ 120 Days
2. Suprarenal gland is otherwise known as________ .
➥ Adrenal Gland
3. The bones are connected to bones by_________ .
➥ Legaments
4. The heart is situated in the________ cavity.
➥ Thoracic Cavity
5. Which of the following is not an enzyme. ( i) Amylase ii) Pepsin iii) Stomatotropin iv) Trypsin )
➥ Stomatotropin

6. Which one of the following is not a part of small intestine. i) Caeccum ii) Duodenum iii) Jejunum iv) Ileum

➥ Caeccum

7. In which part of the human body find the islet of Langerhans.

➥ Pancreas

8. Adult human body consists of _______ number of bones.

➥ 206

9. ______ is the structure unit of Kidney.

➥ Nephron

10. ______ is the pacemaker of the heart.

➥Sinoatrial (SA) node

11. Enlargement of spleen is called as _______

➥Splenomegaly

12. Largest gland in our body is

➥ Liver

13. Power house of the cell is

➥ Mitochondria

14. In which part of the human body find the islet of Langerhans

➥ Pancreas

15. The blood is a _________ tissue.

➥ Connected

16. The retina is a _________layer of eye.

➥ Innermost

17. The space between lungs is called ________.

➥ Plural Space

18. Taste buds contain ________ receptors

➥ Gustatory cells

19. Rickets is caused by deficiency of

➥ Vitamin D

20. The longest bone in human body is

➥ Femur

21. Act of swallowing is called

➥ Deglutition

22. Suprarenal gland is also called as_________

➥ Adrenal gland

23. The organ of locomotion of bacteria is __________

➥ Flagellum

24. Tuberculosis is caused by _________

➥ Mycobacterium tuberculosis

25. The end part of small intestine is ________

➥ ileum

26. The end products of carbohydrate metabolism are

➥ Monosaccharides

27. The hormone which is secreted by thymus gland is

➥ Thymosin

28. Penicillin was discovered by

➥Alexander Fleming

29. Left atrio-ventricular valve in the heart is also known as _______ valve

➥ mitral valve

30. The largest part of the brain is ______

➥ cerebrum

31. Leprosy is caused by ________

➥ Mycobacterium leprae

32. Best method of sterilization is ________

➥ Autoclaving

33. Inner most layer of the blood vessel is

➥ Tunica intima

34. The Crania nerve responsible for Sense of smell is

➥Olfactory

35. Bone forming cell are called as

➥Osteoblasts

36. The main artery supplying to the brain is

➥ Circulus arteriosus

37. Middle layer of heart is called as _________

➥ Myocardium

38. Cholera is caused by __________

➥ Vibrio cholerae

39. The smallest bone in human body is __________

➥ Stapes

40. __________ is largest lymphatic organ

➥ Spleen

41. Normal duration of cardiac cycle is

➥ 0.8 seconds

42. The acid-fast bacteria is

➥ Mycobacterium tuberculosis

43. The first part of large intestine is

➥ Caecum

44. Space between the two lungs in the thoracic cavity is known as ___________

➥ Mediastinum

45. Supra renal gland is also called as _________

➥ Adrenal gland

46. Insulin is secreted by ___________ cell of the pancreas

➥ beta

47. __________ is the covering membrane the bone

➥ Periosteum

48. The movable bone in the skull is _________

➥ Mandible

49. Temporary teeth begin to erupt at the age of ________

➥ 6 year

50. The largest part of the brain is _______

➥ Cerebrum

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51. The first phase of cell division is _______

➥ prophase

52. ___________ is the hormone secreted by Thymus gland

➥ Thymosin

53. The life span of RBC is _____________ days.

➥ 120 days

54. ___________ is called as the power the house of the cell

➥ Mitochondria

55. Typhoid is caused by____________

➥ Salmonella Typhi

56. Tear producing gland are

➥ Lacrimal

57. The fertilization takes place in the

➥ Fallopian tube

58. The pace maker of the heart is

➥S A Node

59. The organ of taste is

➥ Tongue

60. Blood vessel which carry blood away from the heart to different parts of The body are called_________

➥ Veins

61. __________nerve is the first cranial nerve of our body

➥ Olfactory

62. ___________is called as the voice box of human body

➥ Larynx

63. The main artery in the human body is_______

➥ aorta

64. The body power to resist infection is called

➥ Immunity

65. Axon is covered by a membrane called

➥ Axolemma

66. The thoracic cage consists of

➥ 12 pairs of ribs

67. Endocrine glands secrete

➥ Hormones

68. ___________is the largest gland in Human body.

➥ Liver

69. ___________is the membrane covering brain and spinal cord.

➥ Meninges

c) The bone of the lower law is called_________

➥ Mandible

70. Leprosy is caused by___________

➥ Mycobacterium leprae

71. The power house of the cell is_________

➥ Mitochondria

72. Blood vessels which carry blood towards heart are called________

➥ Veins

73. Tuberculosis is caused by___________

➥ Mycobacterium tuberculosis

74. ________ is second cervical vertebra

➥ Axis

75. ________ is the covering membrane of the nerve

➥ Myelin sheath

76. ________ is the inner most layer of the uterus

➥ Endometrium

78. Buccinator is ________ in cheek

➥ muscle

79. Eyelids protect eye from __________

➥ Foreign body

80. Muscle cells are specialized from _________

➥ myoblasts

81. __________is the functional unit of the kidney

➥ nephron

82. _________is the respiratory organ

➥ Lungs

83. Exocrine gland secret __________

➥ Enzymes

84. Space between two lungs is called as ___________

➥ Mediastinum

85. Receptors for bright light and colour vision is __________

➥ Cone cells

86. Tall of the spinal cord is called as ___________

➥ coccyx

87. The innermost layer of Brain is.

➥Piamater

88. The fertilized Ovum is called as

➥Zygote

89. Brain and Spinal cord are the parts of

➥Central Nervous system

90. The __________ is the largest bone of the foot

➥ calcaneus

91. The Bat shaped bone is ________ bone

➥ sphenoid

92. Thread like structures arising from cytoplasm and

extending out through cell wall is called __________

➥ GolgyBodies

93. The middle layer of heart is ________

➥ myocardium

94. Growth of microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.

➥Aerobic

95. The inner most layer of the Uterus is

➥Endometrium

96. Electron Microscope is discovered by

➥Ruska

97. Blood is a ___________ tissue.

➥ Connective

98. Smallest bone in human body is ___________

➥ Stapes

99. Normal clotting time is ______________

➥ 11–13.5 seconds

100. Appendix is a __________organ.

➥ Vestigial

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101. Zygomatic bone is known as _________

➥ Cheekbone

102. Bicuspid valve is also known as ________

➥ Mitral valve

103. Capacity of urinary bladder is ________

➥ 400–700 milliliters

104. The presence of viruses in the blood is called _________

➥ Viremia

105. Daily secretion of saliva is __________

➥ between 0.5 and 1.5 liters.

106. Myopia is caused by _________

➥ abnormal shape of cornea
107. Malaria is caused by ________

➥ Plasmodium vivax
108. The mode of transmission of viral hepatitis A is _____________

➥ fecal-oral route,
109. Hyperthyroidism with toxic effects is called ___________

➥ thyrotoxicosis
110. The smallest functional unit of the body is _________

➥ Cell

111. Diehl Nielsen staining is used for ___________

➥ identify acid-fast bacteria
112. Respiratory centre is situated in the _________

➥ brainstem

113. Weight of kidney is ________

➥ 120 and 150 grams
114. Specific gravity of C.S.F. is ______

➥ between 1.004 and 1.003
115. Carpal or wrist bones consists of

➥ Eight Bones

Scaphoid (boat-shaped)

Lunate (crescent moon-shaped)

Triquetrum (pyramidal)

Pisiform (pea-shaped)

Trapezium (irregular trapezium-shaped)

Trapezoid (wedge-shaped)

Capitate (head-shaped)

Hamate (wedge-shaped with a bony extension or ‘hook’)

116. The name of 10th cranial neve is

➥Vagus

117. The second cervical vertebrae are

➥Axis

118. Cell was discovered by ________

➥ Robert Hooke
119. Laryngeal prominence is called ________

➥ Adam’s apple

120. Smallest bone in human body is ________

➥ stapes

121. The presence of virus in blood is called _________

➥ viremia

122. The blood group that is universal recipient is _________

➥ AB positive (AB+)

123. The hardest substance in the body is

➥Enamel

124. One of the muscles of mastication is

➥ Pterygoideus lateralis

125. Body temperature is regulated by

➥Hypothalamus

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Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development

September 29, 2025June 18, 2024 by Subhajit Chanda

Illustration of growth and development factors.

Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development

Introduction:

Human Growth and Development are very closely related to each other. Growth and Development is a continuous and elderly process.

Definition:

➦ Growth:

Growth is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones.

— (Hurlock)

➦Development:

Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience.

— (Hurlock)

Difference of Growth and Development:

Aspect	Growth	Development
Definition	Increase in size and mass of an organism.	Improvement in complexity and functionality.
Measurement	Quantitative (height, weight, size).	Qualitative (skills, capabilities, maturity).
Nature	Physical changes only.	Includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes.
Timeframe	Limited to a certain period (e.g., childhood).	Continuous process throughout life.
Examples	Increase in height, weight, organ size.	Learning new skills, emotional maturity, social relationships.
Factors Influencing	Nutrition, genetics, health conditions.	Education, environment, life experiences.
Focus Area	Biological aspect.	Holistic aspect (biological, psychological, social).
Reversibility	Generally irreversible after a certain point.	Can be reversible (skills can be lost or regained).
Impact on Individual	Affects physical body.	Affects overall personality and capabilities.
Dependency	Can occur without significant cognitive changes.	Often requires cognitive and emotional involvement.
Indicators	Height, weight, organ growth charts.	Milestones in learning, emotional responses, social skills.

Factors that Affect Groth and Development:

Major factors are involved that affect human growth and development those can be biologically, environmentally or on the bases of human lifestyles. All the factors are explained in the points below-

1. Biological Factors:

A. Genetics:

Genetic inheritance plays a significant role in determining physical traits such as height, eye colour, hair type, and even predisposition to specific health conditions.

B. Hormones:

All the hormones play a crucial role in the development of the body, like Growth Hormone (GH), which is responsible for the growth of the body by effecting metabolism, Gonadotropin Hormones (GTH) effects the growth during puberty etc.

C. Parenteral Factor:

The nutritional status of a mother, the size of the womb and exposure to any harmful substance during pregnancy can have a lasting effect on growth and development.

2. Environmental Factors:

A. Nutrition:

Nutrition provides the necessary raw materials for growth. A balanced diet is essential for supporting immune function, cognitive development, and overall health.

B. Environmental Conditions:

Environmental factors such as pollution, climate, and housing conditions can significantly impact the growth and development of a human.

C. Physical Activity:

Regular physical activity helps to gain muscle strength, bone density, and cardiovascular fitness, while also providing an outlet for energy release and stress reduction

3. Socioeconomic Factors

Social Status:

Socioeconomic factors like living conditions, education, income, and access to healthcare can strongly influence growth and development. Higher socioeconomic status often translates into better access to nutritious food, safer living environments, quality education, and healthcare.

4. Other Factors

A. Sex:

The sex of an individual can influence physical growth and development, with boys generally being taller and physically stronger than girls, and girls maturing faster during adolescence.

B. Family Dynamics:

Family relationships and dynamics can impact a child’s emotional and socio-emotional development.

Definition of Blood. Blood Components and it’s Functions

September 29, 2025April 5, 2024 by Subhajit Chanda

Blood

Definition (What is blood?):

Blood is a red colour viscous fluid, found in the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen, nutrition and carbon dioxide to cells throughout your body.

A fit normal human have arround 5 liters blood in their body.

Color range

Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red

Oxygen-poor blood is dull red

pH must remain between 7.35-7.45

Slightly alkaline

Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature

Components Of Blood:

The main components of blood are classified below:

Blood is composed of several components that are classified on the above picture, each have their own functions:

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):

1. RBCs are one of the primary cellular components of blood.

2. RBCs are biconcave, disc-shaped cells with a depressed centre, maximizing their surface area-to-volume ratio for efficient gas exchange.

3. RBCs contain haemoglobin, a complex protein composed of globin (protein) and heme (iron-containing pigment). Responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carrying carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs for exhalation.

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):

1. WBCs Play a crucial role in the immune system’s defence against pathogens.
2. Include several types such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each with specific functions in immunity.

Platelets (Thrombocytes):

1. Platelets are small, colourless cell fragments found in the bloodstream involved in blood clotting.
2. Form clots to prevent excessive bleeding when blood vessels are injured.

Plasma:

1. Plasma are a yellowish fluid component of blood, constituting about 55% of its volume. It contains water, electrolytes, proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), hormones, nutrients, and waste products.

★ Normal Level Of Blood Components in Human Body:

Blood Component	Normal Range
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	Male: 4.5 – 5.9 million cells/μL
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	Female: 4.0 – 5.2 million cells/μL
White Blood Cells (WBCs)	4,500 – 11,000 cells/μL
Platelets	150,000 – 400,000 platelets/μL
Plasma	Constitutes about 55% of total blood volume

Functions of Blood:

★ Transport Function:

RBC carries O2 from the lungs to the rest of the body.
Nutrients, such as glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are transported to cells for energy and other metabolic processes.
In the human body hormones are secreted by some endocrine glands and those hormones are also transported by blood to the other cells, tissues and organs.
Blood carries metabolic waste products, such as carbon dioxide and urea, away from cells to be eliminated through the lungs and kidneys, respectively.

★ Immunity Function:

White blood cells (leukocytes) play a crucial role in the immune system by defending the body against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They multiply rapidly during infections.

★ Thermoregulation Function:

Blood helps to maintain body temperature by re-distributing heat to the whole body.

Flat bones: Examples of Flat Bones and Functions of Flat Bones

August 21, 2025August 10, 2023 by Subhajit Chanda

Flat Bones

Introduction:

Flat bones are one of the four primary classifications of bones in the human body.
The main classification of 4 bones are:

Long bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Flat bones

They have a relatively flat, thin shape and are composed of two layers of compact bone tissue with a layer of spongy bone tissue in between. These bones play important roles in the protection, support, and production of blood cells.

Flat bones in human body. Examples and Functions of Flat Bones

Structure of Flat Bones:

Flat bones are characterised by their flat, plate-like shape. They typically consist of two layers of compact bone tissue on the outer surfaces, which enclose a layer of spongy bone tissue in the middle. The spongy bone contains bone marrow and blood vessels.

➤Flat bone examples:

skull bones, scapulae (shoulder blades), sternum (breastbone), ribs, and certain bones of the pelvis.

Functions of Flat Bones:

1. Protection: Flat bones provide protection to underlying vital organs. For example, the skull bones protect the brain, while the ribs and sternum protect the heart and lungs.

2. Hematopoiesis: The spongy bone tissue within flat bones is involved in hematopoiesis, which is the process of producing blood cells. Red and white blood cells, as well as platelets, are produced within the bone marrow of flat bones.

3. Support and Attachment: Flat bones provide a broad surface area for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Muscles that are involved in movement and posture depend on flat bones for attachment points.

4. Mineral Storage: Like other types of bones, flat bones also play a role in storing minerals like calcium and phosphorus. These minerals are vital for various physiological processes, including bone health and muscle contraction.

5. Temperature Regulation: Blood flow within flat bones helps regulate body temperature.

Conclusion:

Flat bones have a unique structure that contributes to their functions in protection, support, blood cell production, mineral storage, and thermal regulation. Their flat and broad shape makes them well-suited for these roles, and they play an essential part in the overall function of the skeletal system and the body as a whole.

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Bio Science (Anatomy, Physiology and Microbiology) Previous Year Short Question with Answer

Fill in the blanks:

Factors Affecting Human Growth and Development

Introduction:

Definition:

➦ Growth:

➦Development:

Difference of Growth and Development:

Factors that Affect Groth and Development:

1. Biological Factors:

A. Genetics:

B. Hormones:

C. Parenteral Factor:

2. Environmental Factors:

A. Nutrition:

B. Environmental Conditions:

C. Physical Activity:

3. Socioeconomic Factors

Social Status:

4. Other Factors

A. Sex:

B. Family Dynamics:

Blood

Definition (What is blood?):

Components Of Blood:

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes):

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes):

Platelets (Thrombocytes):

Plasma:

Functions of Blood:

★ Transport Function:

★ Immunity Function:

★ Thermoregulation Function:

Flat Bones

Introduction:

Structure of Flat Bones:

➤Flat bone examples:

Functions of Flat Bones:

Conclusion:

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