CANCER OF LARYNX

🔎Definition:

It’s defined as an abnormal or uncontrolled cell growth in any part of the larynx. It is also called Laryngeal Cancer.

🤔Etiology/Causes:

There are not any particular reasons for any types of cancer. It basically happens due to the mutation of DNA in our cells. That is why cancer is called an idiopathic disease.                             

⚠️Risk Factors:

Some common risk factors of the cancer of Larynx are described bellow:

⇢Age – Old age person above 60 to 70 years are more prone to Laryngeal Cancer.

⇢Chewing Tobacco – Chewing tobacco is a very bad habit that not only a worst causes for Laryngeal cancer but also for any other disease.

⇢Drinking Alcohol – Drinking alcohol is a risk factor for cancer.

⇢More risk for men – In surveys it is shown that male are more affected with Laryngeal Cancer as compared to the women.

⇢Chronic laryngitis – Untreated chronic laryngitis further can a cause for Laryngeal Cancer.

⇢Family History – A past family history with laryngeal cancer is a risk factor.

⇢Vocal Straining – Talking loudly like-singer, actor, teacher, public speaker who use their voice regularly may have vocal cord injury. This can lead to laryngeal cancer.

⇢Use sudden medication – Some type of medication and their side effects can leads to Laryngeal cancer.

⇢Nutritional deficiencies – Person with some nutritional deficiency may have the chances of laryngeal cancer.                    

🤧Sign and Symptoms/ Clinical Manifestation:

1. Hoarseness
2. Low pitched voice
3. Difficulty in swallowing          
4. Blood in spit
5. Weight loss
6. Fatigue
7. Persistent cough
8. Burning sensation
9. Difficulty breathing
10. Ear pain
11. A sore throat
12. A lump or sore that doesn’t heal    

𛲢Stages:

Cancer of Larynx or Laryngeal cancer stages are following:

▲Stage 0/Stage I: You have a single tumor in your Larynx.

▲Stage II: You have 2 or 3 tumors and it will be bigger in size than the first stage.The tumor may have spread to your blood vessels.

▲Stage III: In this stage, The tumor may have spread to your lymph nodes, large blood vessels or another organ.

▲Stage IV/Last Stage: In the last stage the cancer will spread to other organs in your body, such as your lungs or bones, as well as lymph nodes.

🩺Diagnostic Evaluations:

‣History collection              

‣Physical Examination

‣Endoscopy

‣Laryngoscopy

‣Biopsy

‣Imaging Tests

‣Barium swallow or esophagogram – an Imaging test to show the abnormalities GI tract.

🏥MANAGEMENT:

⇒MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:-

5 Fluorouracil

Ibuprofen(Analgesic)

⇒SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-

Partial Laryngectomy- Removal of half of the larynx

Total laryngectomy- Removal of full of larynx 

Cordectomy- Removes part or all off a vocal cord

Laser Surgery- Removes a tumor in a bloodless procedure

⇒Other Therapies:-       

Laser Beam- Using radiation it kills the cancer cells.

Chemotherapy – In this therapy chemotherapeutic medications are used to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

Immunotherapy – In this treatment health care providers improve our immune system to fight against cancer.

Targeted therapy- Cetuximab is a targeted cancer medicine. In this process medicine helps to stop the multiplication of particular cancer cells or targeted cancer cells.

😖Complication:

• Spread of cancer
• Larger tumour size
• Increased pain and discomfort
• Difficulty in treatment
• Reduced quality of life

Liver Cancer

🔎Definition:

Liver cancer is also known as hepatic cancer, it is the abnormal cell growth or uncontrolled cell growth in liver or any part of liver.

Liver Cancer

🤔Etiology/Cause:

There is not any exact cause for any type of cancer that is why cancer is called as an idiopathic disease.

There are many chances of liver cancer which are described in the following as risk factors.

⚠️Risk Factor:

⇢Chronic infection by Hepatitis – Higher rates of liver cancer occur in those patients who have hepatitis B and C infection.

⇢Sex– Males are more often affected  with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than females.

⇢Previous family history– some people with past family history of liver cancer have a increase risk for liver cancer

⇢Genetic cause-Liver cancer happens when liver cells develop changes (mutations) in their DNA of cells.

⇢Age– Old age person are more prone to liver cancer.

⇢Drink Alcohol– Drinking too much amount of alcohol is not good for health. It causes liver cirrhosis and later it transforms to hepatic cancer.

⇢Smoking – Is a greater cause for any types of cancer

Some medication- some oral contraceptive pill also be a risk factors

⇢Cirrhosis– Those person who have previous history of liver cirrhosis

⇢Aflatoxin– Aflatoxin exposure can lead to the development of HCC. The aflatoxins are a group of chemicals produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus  and Aspergillus parasiticus.

⇢Bad Food Habit– Bad food habit and poor digestion can increase the chances for liver cancer

⇢Chemical Exposure– Certain chemical can also the causes for hepatic cancer

⇢Obesity and other metabolic disease can be the risk factor

🤧Sign and Symptoms/ Clinical Manifestation:

Nausea and vomiting

Sweating

Jaundice

Abdominal pain

Weakness

Fever

Diarrhoea

Splenomegaly – enlargement of spleen

Ascites – Excess abdominal fluid 

𛲢Stages:

Hepatocellular carcinoma or Liver cancer stages are following:

▲Stage 0/Stage I: You have a single tumor in your liver.

▲Stage II: You have 2 or 3 tumors and it will be bigger in size then the first stage.The tumor may have spread to your blood vessels.

▲Stage III: In this stage, The tumor may have spread to your lymph nodes, large blood vessels or another organ.

▲Stage IV/Last Stage: In the last stage the cancer will spread to other organs in your body, such as your lungs or bones, as well as lymph nodes.

🩺Diagnostic Evaluation:

• History Collection
• Physical Examination
• CBC
• LET(Liver Function Test) – To check if the enzyme, protein and other substance are working properly or not.
• alpha-fetoprotein (AFT)– High levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in the blood can be found in many cases HCC
• Ultrasound
• CT scan & MRI
• Angiography- A type of x-ray to show the blood vessles.
• Biopsy

🏥Management:

• Surgical Removal of tumor
• Liver Transplantation – It is the process of placing a good and healthy liver from a healthy donor.
• Heating Cancer cell- Killing cancer cells by controlled heat.
• Freezing Cancer Cell- Shrinking malignant cells by too much cold temperature.
• Injecting Alcohol into the tumor
• Injecting Chemotherapy drug into cancer cell of liver 
• Palliative Core

🛡️Prevention:

Reduces exposure to a risk factor for liver cancer.

Stop smoking and alcoholism.

Take healthy diet regularly.

Take vaccine against Hepatitis.

Cancer of Esophagus

➦ Definition:-

It is an abnormal growth of squamous cell present in the lining of the esophagus.

Cancer of Esophagus

➦ Risk Factors:-

1. Gender (male)
2. Race (African American)
3. Age (greater risk in fifth decade of life)
4. Geographic locale (much higher incidence in China and northern Iran)
5. Chronic esophageal irritation
6. Use of alcohol and tobacco
7. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
8. Chronic ingestion of hot liquids or foods
9. nutritional deficiencies poor oral hygiene
10. exposure to nitrosamines(Organic chemical compound) in the environment or food

➦ Clinical Manifestations:-

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Dysphagia (Difficult or uncomfortable in swallowing)
• Feeling of a lump in the throat and painful swallowing
• Substernal pain or fullness regurgitation of undigested
• food with foul breath and hiccups later
• Hemorrhage
• progressive loss of weight and strength

➦ Diagnostic Evaluation:-

• History Collection
• Physical Examination
• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
• CT
• PET
• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS),
• Exploratory laparoscopy
• Biopsy

➦ Management:-

    ➤ Medical:-

There is no fixed curative medical management of cancer. Treatment of oesophagal cancer is directed toward a cure if the cancer is in the early stage.

    ➤ Surgical:-

Esophagectomy- Removal of esophagus

    ➤ Other Therapy:-

Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy

➦ Nursing Management:-

1) Advice to avoid spicy food
2) Give more fluid to the Humidifier.
3) Provide medications as per doctor’s order
4) Check temperature, monitor vital signs
5) Check lab result

➦ Prevention:-

1. Stop smoking
2. Stop Alcohol Taking
3. Maintain Proper oral hygiene

Oral Cancer

➦ Definition:-

Oral Cancer

➦ Causes/Etiology:-

1) Tobacco Smoking
2) Excessive intake of alcohol
3) HPV-Human Papilloma Virus
4) Excessive Exposure in Sunlight
5) Genetic causes

CANCER

➦ Definition:-

Proliferation:-

is the main characteristic behind tumors and specially malignant ones. Calls growth continuously without being submitted to the local or general controle of the organisms.

➦ Type of Cancer:-

Doctors divide cancer into type based on where it begins. Four main type of cancer are:

• Carcinomas: A carcinomas begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal; organs or glands. carcinomas usually form solid tumours. They are most type of cancer. Example of carcinomas include prostate cancer breast cancer, lung cancer.
• Sarcomas: A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body. A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.
• Leukemias: Leukemia is a cancer of the blood. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably. 

         The 4 main types of leukemia are:

                A. acute lymphocytic leukemia
                B. chronic lymphocytic leukemia
                C. acute myeloid leukemia
                D. chronic myeloid leukemia.